Where is bialystok located

During the August deportations, when all hope for survival within the ghetto was abandoned, the Bialystok ghetto underground staged an uprising against the Germans.

In an unsuccessful attempt to break out of the ghetto and join partisans in the nearby forests, armed Jews attacked German forces near the ghetto fence along Smolna Street. The fighting in the northeastern section of the ghetto lasted for five days; hundreds of Jews died in this battle. Seventy-one Jewish fighters were killed after being discovered in a bunker and captured by the Germans.

More than a hundred Jews managed to escape from the ghetto and join partisan groups in the Bialystok area. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. View the list of all donors. Trending keywords:. Featured Content. Tags Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics. Browse A-Z Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically.

For Teachers Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust. Wise — International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. At that time some 50, Jews lived in Bialystok, and some , in the whole province. On the day following the second German occupation, known as "Red Friday," the Germans burned down the Jewish quarter, including the synagogue and at least 1, Jews who had been driven inside.

Other similar events followed in rapid succession: On Thursday, July 3, of the Jewish intelligentsia were rounded up and taken to Pietrasze, a field outside the town, and murdered there; on Saturday, July 12, over 3, Jewish men were put to death there. Their widows were later known in the ghetto as " die Donnershtige " "the ones from Thursday" and " di Shabbesdige " "the ones from Saturday". On August 1, some 50, Jews were segregated into a closed ghetto.

The three gates in the barrier were guarded by armed gendarmes. For administrative purposes, Bialystok was incorporated into the Reich end of July , as an autonomous district Bezirk of East Prussia under Gauleiter and Oberpraesident Erich Koch, one of Hitler's trusted men.

Under this setup various Nazi authorities in Berlin, Koenigsberg, and Bialystok issued frequently contradictory orders concerning the fate of the Jews of the ghetto. The first year, there was relative quiet and order in the ghetto except for the deportation of 4, of the poorest Jews to Pruzhany as the Germans wished to exploit the ghetto to a maximum in industrial production for the army.

Every Jew in the 15—65 age group was forced to work, and the Germans meted out physical punishment, including death sentences, to anyone attempting to avoid or resist forced labor. The only remuneration was a daily bread ration of grams, which was later reduced to grams.

In addition, the Germans confiscated property, imposed forced "contributions," and collected a head and apartment tax; the Judenrat collected its own taxes to cover its expenses. There were private factories in the ghetto, owned by a German industrialist,. Oskar Stefen; Jews were also employed in various German enterprises outside the ghetto.

Two thousand persons were employed by the Judenrat, not including those in charge of the ghetto's economic enterprises. Over men served in the "Jewish Police. The deputy chairman of the Judenrat, Barash, knew the truth about the deportations and death camps and had also read German documents containing plans to liquidate the ghetto.

Nevertheless, up to his last day, he trusted in the idea that the inmates' hard work and economic "usefulness" would delay their destruction or even save them. Most of the inhabitants of the ghetto trusted Barash and shared his illusions. He stayed at his post until he was deported to Majdanek and murdered. The Germans embarked upon the liquidation of the Jews on Feb. The Jews were dragged from their homes and hiding places.

One thousand of them were killed on the spot, while 10, were deported to Treblinka death camp. The period following the first Aktion was marked by Jewish underground preparations for armed resistance in the event that the deportations would be resumed.

At this time the local German authorities, who were interested in prolonging the existence of the ghetto for economic reasons, were negotiating with the Berlin and Koenigsberg authorities on the date for the liquidation of the ghetto. The differences of opinion were resolved in the latter's favor, leading to the final destruction of the ghetto on Aug.

An underground came into existence in the early days of the ghetto and expressed itself mainly through sabotage acts at the members' places of work.

It lacked, however, a uniform plan of action and a clear idea of its aims. The underground's main problems were the lack of arms and disunity in the ranks. The ghetto stood alone in its struggle, for no help could be expected from the Polish underground.

Arms had either to be stolen from the German armories or purchased at high prices outside the ghetto; only the hand grenades were of home manufacture. In the early stage, Barash supported the ghetto underground and supplied it with finances and information through Tenenbaum.

Barash also passed on copies of the Judenrat's minutes and proclamations as well as copies of German documents for the underground's secret archives. Tenenbaum wrote a great deal himself and also collected diaries, depositions, historical articles, folklore, and Judenrat and German documents.

Barash supported the underground, however, only as long as the Germans were unaware of its existence. When the first Aktion took place, in February , the underground was not yet ready. However it stepped up its activities. The men were trained in the use of arms, more weapons were acquired, and attempts were made to establish contact with the partisans in the forests. New York City 7, Kilometer. Dongguan 7, Kilometer. Taipei 8, Kilometer. Kinshasa 6, Kilometer.

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